Large Scale Empirical Ethereum Smart Contract Analysis
Ethereum smart contracts are Turing complete programs that operate on money and derived assets. With a market capitalization in the three digit billions, there is an interest in quantifying their usage. Despite blockchain data being public by design, large scale analysis of smart contracts is technically challenging to do on a large scale. We summarize methods to analyze contract usage on the Ethereum blockchain and categorize the most popular contracts by their application domain and behavior. Especially, changes in behavior before and after removing gas refunds on the Ethereum blockchain are analyzed. Furthermore, we quantify the adoption of final Ethereum Requests for Comments (ERCs), that standardize smart contracts for certain applications. According to the used metrics, trading related smart contracts, are the most popular. In that context, we explain, why using just a single metric can be misleading. The removal of gas refunds lead to significant changes in contract lifetime and state cleanup.